Emm: E-commerce

E-commerce

‏إظهار الرسائل ذات التسميات E-commerce. إظهار كافة الرسائل

Solved MCQ of E-Commerce and E-Banking Set-1

1. The term e-commerce includes ............................
A) Electronic trading of Physical goods and intangibles such as information.
B) The electronic provision of services such as after sales support or online legal advice
C) All the steps involved in trade, such as on-line marketing ordering payment and support for delivery.
D) All of the above.

2. Which of the following is the largest community in classification of e-commerce?
A) Business to Business (B to B)
B) Business to Consumer (B to C)
C) Business to Government (B to G)
D) Government to Government (G to G)

3. Which of the following is not the example of business to consumer (B to C) e-commerce?
A) Amazon.com
B) e-bay.com
C) dell.com
D) lastminute.com

4. The types of Business to Business e-commerce are ................
A) Direct selling and support to Business
B) Industry portals
C) Information sites about a industry
D) All of the above

5. Which of the following are the benefits of E-marketing?
i) Speed                                ii) Reach and Penetration
iii) Ease and Efficiency           iv) Low Cost
v) Targeted audience
A) i, ii, iii and iv only
B) ii, iii, iv and v only
C) i, iii, iv and v only
D) All i, ii, iii, iv and v

6. ...................... is the process of recreating a design by analyzing a final product.
A) Forward Engineering
B) Reverse Engineering
C) Backward Engineering
D) None of the above

7. .................. is simply the use of electronic means to transfer funds directly from one account to another, rather than by cheque or cash.
A) M-Banking
B) O-Banking
C) E-Banking
D) D-Banking

8. The telephone banking service includes ...................
i) Automatic balance voice out   ii) Inquiry all term deposit account
iii) Direct cash withdraw           iv) Utility Bill payments
v) Voice out last five transactions
A) i, ii, iii and v only
B) i, ii, iv and v only
C) ii, iii, iv and v only
D) All i, ii, iii, iv and v

9. Which of the following are the forms of E-banking?
i) Internet Banking                      ii) Telephone Banking
iii) Electronic Check conversion   iv) Electronic Bill Payment
v) Direct Deposit
A) i, ii, iii and iv only
B) ii, iii, iv and v only
C) i, iii, iv and v only
D) All i, ii, iii, iv and v

10. What is the full form of SWIFT?
A) Society for Worldwide Internet Financial Telecommunications.
B) Secret Wide Interbank Financial Telecommunications
C) Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications
D) None of the Above

Answers:

1. D) All of the above.
2. A) Business to Business (B to B)
3. B) e-bay.com
4. D) All of the above
5. D) All i, ii, iii, iv and v
6. B) Reverse Engineering
7. C) E-Banking
8. B) i, ii, iv and v only
9. D) All i, ii, iii, iv and v
10.D) None of the Above

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E-commerce Security Issues

E-commerce

Gomana ahmed 12:46 ص 1 Comment

Gomana ahmed

First of all e-commerce is surrounded by different issues such as commercial, Network infrastructure, Social and Cultural and Security issues are presented below which are important for successful business. E-commerce security issues are frequently aired in the press and are certainly important. Customers are concerned that the item ordered won’t materialize, or be as described. As (much worse) they worry about their social security number and credit card details being misappropriated. However rare, these things do happen, and customers need to be assured that all e-commerce security issues have been covered. Your guarantees and returns policies must be stated on the website and they must be adhered to. Let us first state the security attacks on e-commerce process and Security goals we want to achieve for successful e-commerce.

Attacks on Security
Security attacks can be classified in the following categories depending on the nature of the attacker.

a)      Passive Attacks
The attacker can only eavesdrop or monitor the network traffic. Typically, this is the easiest form of attack and can be performed without difficulty in many networking environments, e.g. broadcast type networks such as Ethernet and wireless networks.

b)      Active Attacks
The attacker is not only able to listen to the transmission but is also able to actively alter or obstruct it. Furthermore, depending on the attackers actions, the following subcategories can be used to cover to cover the majority to cover the majority of attacks.

c)       Eavesdropping
This is attack is used to gain knowledge of the transmitted data. This is passive attack which is easily performed in many networking environments as motioned above. However, this attack can easily perform in many networking environments. However this attack can easily be prevented by using an encryption scheme to protect the transmitted data.

d)      Traffic Analysis
The main goal of this attack is not to gain direct knowledge about the transmitted data, but to extra information from the characteristics of the transmission, e.g. amount of data transmitted, identity of the communicating nodes etc. This information may allow the attacked to deduce sensitive information, e.g., the roes of the communicating nodes, their position etc. Unlike the previously described attack, this one is more difficult to prevent.

e)      Impersonation
Here, the attacker uses the identity of another node to gain unauthorized access to resource or data. This attack is often used as a prerequisite to eavesdropping. By impersonating a legitimate node, the attacker can try to gain access to the encryption key used to protect the transmitted data. Once, this key is known by the attacker, she can successfully perform the eavesdropping attack.

f)       Modification
This attack modifies data during the transmission between the communicating nodes, implying that the communicating nodes do not share the same view of the transmitted data. An example could be when the transmitted data represents a financial transaction where the attacker has modified the transactions value.

g)      Insertion
This attack involves an unauthorized party, who inserts new data claiming that it originates from a legitimate party. This attack is related to that of impersonation.

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Risk of e-commerce

E-commerce

Gomana ahmed 12:41 ص Add Comment

Gomana ahmed

As e-commerce evolves, it will present huge risks for those who don’t take advantage of it. The main risk of e-commerce is that the business won’t capitalize on all it has to offer, while the competition moves ahead. The traditional supply chain consists of the manufacturer, the distributor; the traditional supply chain consists of the manufacturer, the distributor, the retailer, and the end consumer. E-commerce is changing this linear view of the supply chain. Instead of goods flowing from one participant to the next, this new online marketplace can connect each participant to the end-consumer. For some links in the supply chain, increased access to customers could be dangerous as partners could even become competitors.

In the physical world today, there are requirements for documents to be in writing and for hand-written signatures. Such requirements need to be translated into the electronic realm with the rapid development of electronic commerce and to resolve questions raised regarding the applicability of such legislation to the unique features of the electronic regime. The advent or e-commerce and the use of the digital medium as an alternative to the physical, have created some novel legal issues where there are no clear answers.

The users of information technology must have trust in the security of information and communication infrastructures, network and systems, in the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data on them, and in the ability to prove the origin and receipt of data. For communication and transactions occurring over a faceless network, there is a need or reliable methods to authenticate a person’s identity and to ensure the integrity of the electronically transmitted documents.

The concepts of a secure electronic record and a secure electronic signature, and the rebuttable presumptions that flow from that status, are thus necessary for a viable system of electronic commerce. In the context of electronic commerce, none of the usual indicators of reliability present in a paper-based transaction (the use of paper, letterhead, etc.) exist, making it difficult to know when one can rely on the integrity and authenticity of an electronic record. This lack of reliability can make proving one’s case in court virtually impossible. Rebuttable presumptions with respect to secure records and secure signatures put a relying partying a position to know, at the time of receipt and/or reliance, whether the message is authentic and the integrity of its contents intact and, equally important, whether it will be able to establish both of these facts in court in the event of subsequent disputes.

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Benefits of e-commerce

E-commerce

Gomana ahmed 12:34 ص Add Comment

Gomana ahmed

Use of e-commerce technologies helps speed up the flow of information and to eliminate unnecessary human intervention; the computer can now accomplish what computers do better than people process routine business transactions quickly and accurately, 24 hours a day. This in turn, frees up people to handle tasks that computers may never be able to do exercising judgment, creativity, and experience to manage exceptions, solve problems and continually improve business processes.

E-commerce is growing in importance and means unprecedented opportunities for everyone. When a business takes advantage of the power of e-commerce, it will be able to.

i. Increase customer satisfaction

Internet is always open, even on holidays; business is thus always open, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and 365 days a year. Customers will appreciate the extra access to product updates, shipping details, billing information and more. And since the internet knows no boundaries, customers can shop from home, work, or anywhere they can make a connection. Besides, by connecting the e-commerce and shipping systems, it would be possible to ship products faster and for less money.

ii. Increase sales volumes

The Internet is a new channel to reach new customers. With a web site, a company can automatically become a global provider of goods and services, with an edge over even the largest competitors. Interactive selling is advantageous because a company is no longer limited by shelf-space or inventory concerns but instead offer all products to suit the customers exact specifications.

iii. Decrease costs of doing business

E-commerce helps cut out or streamline processes that eat away profits. For instance exchange of information from advertising to availability updates, can add to the cost of sale. However, the web site can be an efficient, cost-effective communication vehicle. Customers can find timely accurate information in one place when they need it. By using e-commerce, everything from purchase orders to funds transfer can be handled faster and more efficiently. Even payment processing and bookkeeping are easier.

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Development of e-commerce

E-commerce

Gomana ahmed 1:05 ص Add Comment

Gomana ahmed

Now, most of the companies are using e-commerce technology and going to be used. Even small companies have their own web sites, giving details about their profile, Products and services and are moving up in the e-commerce value chain. Companies that were earlier providing access to information on their respective web sites are now engaging themselves in e-commerce practices. Some of the e-commerce practices which are being done by most of the companies for the development of e-commerce technology for them are as follows.

a) Better Information technology infrastructure

E-business models are moving from the proprietary ‘Electronic Data Interchange’ (EDI) ‘Specific’ solutions to internet based ‘mass’ solutions. It has more to do with better computer penetration, increase in number of internet users and high-speed connectivity rather than anything else.

b) Wider acceptance of online payment system

Online payment mechanism means ‘payment’ and ‘acceptance’ of virtual money. Any such online payment system requires not only the parties transacting business over the Internet but also a ‘payment gateway’ facilitating such transactions. To begin with, it requires use of credit cards and other modes of online payment using advanced technological tools.

Master Card has recently introduced Site Data Protection Service (SDP), a comprehensive set of global e-business security services that proactively protects online merchants from hacker intrusions. It is a satellite communications network. Also credit card companies have come out with a technology that proactively helps prevents and skimming by using the ‘intrinsic noise’ properties of magnetic strip, which are unique for every card, to differentiate between and original and cloned cards.

Apart from credit card based transactions, other proprietary online payment systems to initiate the ‘uninitiated’ to shop on the Internet are:

Cybercash: Ensuring encrypted passage over the internet for the data card data.
E-Cash: Issued online for use over the Internet and is stored in an electronic device such as a chip card of computer memory. The person who has purchased such cash can use it online for making payments.
Online Pay: Online Pay allows consumers to shop online without fear of fraud by allowing them to make purchases without giving out information about their credit card or their checking account to the online vendor.
Secure Sockets Layers: It is developed by Netscape, which provides privacy, integrity and authentication through digital certificates. Increasing use of Smart Card has also given fillip to the e-commerce activities. Smart cards store all their information on a chip buried within the card. It works as an electronic purse storing digital money, which could be used over public terminals (Web sites, ATMs, Telephone lines) etc. A new system of credit card transactions over the Internet is being currently developed jointly by Visa and MasterCard with technical assistance from the Internet Information system and cryptology companies like Netscape, IBM. It is known to Secure Electronic Transactions (SET). It is expected that in coming years, SET would become the standard of payment over the Internet. Another important development has the adoption of digital signatures as authentication standards providing integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation of electronic records. It has paved the way for legal recognition of electronic contracts, an extremely important step in giving legal sanctity to online payment system.

c) Legal recognition to e-commerce practices.

Legal recognition of E-commerce practices has come a long way from the initial adoption of UNCITRAL’s Model Law on Electronic commerce by the General Assembly of the United Nations in early 1997. The purpose of the UNCITRAL Model Law on electronic ecommerce is to encourage the use of electronic commerce and to provide nations with model legislation “governing the use of alternative to paper – based methods of communication and storage of information”. It is based on “fundamental-equivalent” approach and extends notions such as “writing”, “signature” and “original” of traditional paper based requirements to a paperless world. It gives legal acceptance to electronic records and digital signatures. Countries, by adopting the UNCITRAL’s Model Law on Electronic commerce have not only given credence to E-commerce laws globally. The most important element is that the nations’ laws on e-commerce have been based on a similar technology platform, i.e. asymmetric cryptography.

d) Adoption of security standards by the industry

Business thrives on safety, security and trust whether it is offline or online. The internet being an open, integrated and public system requires far better security coverage than its offline counterpart. It needs an ‘encryption’ technology that provides (i) confidentially (ii) authentication (iii) Integrity (iv) non repudiation and of electronic transactions.

Confidentiality: The idea that the information should be protected from unauthorized internal as well as external users by making it undecipherable. It uses encryption technology to ‘encrypt’ the information in such a way that only an intended user could ‘decrypt’ the information.
Authentication: It means use of encryption technology to identify the sender of originator of the information. Similarly it should be possible to ensure that the message is sent to the person of whom it is meant.
Integrity: It is to verify that the information, which is received, has not been manipulated during its transmission. On retrieval or receipt at the other end of a communication network the information should appear exactly as it was stored or sent by the sender of originator.
Non-repudiation: It is ensure that sender or originator cannot disown information at a later date. Encryption technologies make it possible to bind messages and message acknowledgements with their originators.

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Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government

E-commerce E-government

Gomana ahmed 9:47 م Add Comment

Gomana ahmed

For successful E-government endeavor, two critical requirements are needed: availability and accessibility. E-government transactions have to be available 24/7. This provides citizens, partners and employees with the flexibility to process transactions outside standard government office hours. With the inclusion of websites of E-governments, and E-government website needs to satisfy this “high availability” requirement. Also, the E-government endeavor is critically dependent on the accessibility of its integral websites. If the website is not accessible to the intended target users it will not be successful. The causes of failure of the E-government program in developing countries are:

Lack of training schemes and qualified staff, which makes it hard to go with such a new trend like E-government.
Lack of educating citizens about the value and benefits of E-government, that the government itself should play the main role in this issue.
Lack of change management efforts.
High turnover rates of government IT staff because of noncompetitive payment and employment conditions as compared to private sector.
Lack of public sector skills, and as a result E-government projects are often outsourced to the private sector.
Large design-reality gaps as a result of using and off-the-shelf solution from an industrialized country for a developing country.
The need of appropriate infrastructure that means that weak infrastructure will be the first obstacle in employing the E-government program.
· The large gap between the skilled leaders who can afford technology, and the unskillful poor who can’t afford the same.